Trump Action Archive

Supporting reports

• Trump threatens veto of War Powers Resolution and claims unilateral invasion authority — President Trump responded to the Senate's passage of the War Powers Resolution by threatening a veto and declaring that he possesses the power to launch invasions anywhere in the Western Hemisphere without congressional approval. He also attacked the five Republicans who voted with Democrats, declaring they "should never be elected to office again."
• Trump attacked five Republican senators on social media — President Trump posted on social media that five Republican senators who voted to advance the Venezuela war powers bill "should never be elected to office again." He characterized their reassertion of congressional authority as "attempting to take away our Powers to fight and defend the United States of America." The five Republicans were Susan Collins of Maine, Josh Hawley of Missouri, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, Rand Paul of Kentucky, and Todd Young of Indiana.

Supporting reports

• Federal judge finds government misconduct in Comey indictment — Federal judge William Fitzpatrick found evidence of "government misconduct" during the indictment of James Comey, including a "disturbing pattern of profound investigative missteps." Problems included fundamental misstatements of law by Halligan to a grand jury, use of potentially privileged communications, and unexplained irregularities in grand jury transcripts.
• Judge orders Trump-appointed US attorney to defend unlawful title use despite prior ruling of invalidity — Federal judge David Novak ordered Lindsey Halligan, a Trump-installed lawyer with no prosecutorial experience, to explain within seven days why she continues to represent herself as US attorney for the eastern district of Virginia after another judge (Cameron McGowan Currie) ruled her appointment unlawful in November. Halligan was appointed to prosecute political opponents James Comey and Letitia James; both cases were dismissed. Novak's order notes that Currie's ruling remains binding precedent and that Halligan's continued use of the title may constitute professional misconduct and false statements.

Supporting reports

• Trump claims only his own morality constrains his power — In a January 7, 2026 interview with New York Times reporters, when asked if there are any checks on his power on the world stage, Trump answered: "Yeah, there is one thing. My own morality. My own mind. It's the only thing that can stop me, and that's very good." When asked about international law, Trump stated "I don't need international law" and later said international law compliance "depends what your definition of international law is."
• Trump claimed only his morality limits his power — President Trump told New York Times reporters that as commander-in-chief, he has only one limit on his power: "My own morality. My own mind. It's the only thing that can stop me." He claimed he gets to determine what is legal under international law and seemed to stretch that authority to domestic affairs, saying he was considering getting around a possible Supreme Court decision on tariffs by calling them licensing fees and that he could invoke the Insurrection Act to deploy troops in the U.S. if he "felt the need to do it."
• Trump declares power constrained only by personal morality, dismisses international law — In a New York Times interview, President Trump stated that his presidential power is limited only by "my own morality, my own mind" and declared "I don't need international law." He acknowledged international law exists but questioned its definition and applicability. Trump emphasized the importance of "ownership" over treaties or leases, referenced ongoing efforts to gain control of Greenland, and dismissed concerns that ousting Venezuela's Maduro would set precedents for Chinese action on Taiwan or Russian control of Ukraine. He expressed confidence Xi Jinping would not seize Taiwan while he is president.

Supporting reports

• Trump speech to House Republicans on elections and Democratic policy — President Trump delivered a rambling speech to House Republicans in which he questioned why Republicans should "run against" Democrats, suggested Democrats should "cancel the election," and characterized Democratic voters and policies as fundamentally illegitimate. He stated that Democratic policies are "horrible" while Republicans "have the right policy," and implied that electoral competition is unnecessary when one party possesses correct ideology.

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• Trump called January 6 rioters patriotic protesters — On the fifth anniversary of the January 6 attack, the Trump administration blamed the police officers themselves for starting the insurrection and called the rioters "patriotic protesters." In response, retiring Senator Thom Tillis (R-NC) called the January 6 rioters "thousands of thugs."
• Trump White House rewrote history of January 6, 2021 Capitol attack — On January 6, 2026, the fifth anniversary of the January 6, 2021 Capitol attack, Trump's White House rewrote the historical record of the insurrection, claiming that the rioters were "peaceful patriotic protesters" and blaming Democrats for the attack. This directly contradicted the documented facts of the violent assault on the Capitol by Trump supporters attempting to prevent the lawful transfer of power.
• White House unveiled website blaming Democrats for January 6 attack and claiming Trump "corrected a historic wrong" by pardoning rioters — On January 6, 2026, the fifth anniversary of the Capitol attack, the White House unveiled a new website blaming the Democrats for the attack and stating that Trump had "corrected a historic wrong" by pardoning the rioters. The website represented an official rewriting of the January 6 insurrection narrative to absolve the rioters and assign blame to the opposing party.
• White House website rewrites January 6, 2021 Capitol attack history — The official White House website reversed the historical record of the January 6, 2021 Capitol attack, characterizing the insurrectionists who beat and wounded at least 140 police officers and called for Vice President Mike Pence's hanging as "peaceful patriotic protesters." The site claimed Democrats staged "the real insurrection" by certifying the 2020 election results.

Supporting reports

• Nicolás Maduro entered not guilty plea in court — Nicolás Maduro, the former president of Venezuela, entered a not guilty plea in court, stating "I'm innocent. I'm a decent man. I'm the President of Venezuela. I consider myself a prisoner of war. I was captured at my home in Caracas."
• Nicolás Maduro pleaded not guilty in federal court — Nicolás Maduro appeared in federal court and pleaded not guilty to charges, telling the judge, "I am a decent man, the president of my country." The appearance followed his forcible seizure and removal from Venezuela by U.S. military forces.
• Maduro arraigned in Manhattan federal court on drug and narco-terrorism charges — Nicolás Maduro appeared before federal judge Alvin Hellerstein in Manhattan on Monday for arraignment on four federal criminal counts including narco-terrorism conspiracy, cocaine importation conspiracy, and possession of machine guns and destructive devices. Each charge carries a maximum sentence of life in prison. Maduro, who was first indicted in 2020, pleaded not guilty and claimed he remained the legitimate president of Venezuela and was being held as a prisoner of war. His wife Cilia Flores also pleaded not guilty to related charges.
• Nicolás Maduro arraigned in Manhattan federal court on narco-terrorism charges following US military capture in Caracas — Nicolás Maduro, Venezuelan president, was captured in Caracas on January 3 and arraigned in Manhattan federal court on January 6 on narco-terrorism charges brought by the Trump Justice Department. Maduro entered a not guilty plea while making defiant statements about his legitimacy and characterizing his capture as a kidnapping. His wife, Cilia Flores, also appeared and pleaded not guilty. Judge Alvin Hellerstein scheduled a case conference for March 17. Neither defendant requested bail at this stage but reserved the right to do so later.
• Nicolás Maduro pleads not guilty in US court after capture — Nicolás Maduro, the deposed president of Venezuela, pleaded not guilty to charges of drugs, weapons, and "narco-terrorism" in a US federal court in Manhattan. His capture was part of a US special forces operation ordered by Donald Trump, which has been condemned by several countries as a "crime of aggression." The operation has raised concerns about breaches of international law and has led to an emergency UN Security Council meeting. Maduro's arraignment follows his indictment in 2020 for drug trafficking-related charges.
• Judge orders Trump-appointed US attorney to defend unlawful title use despite prior ruling of invalidity — Federal judge David Novak ordered Lindsey Halligan, a Trump-installed lawyer with no prosecutorial experience, to explain within seven days why she continues to represent herself as US attorney for the eastern district of Virginia after another judge (Cameron McGowan Currie) ruled her appointment unlawful in November. Halligan was appointed to prosecute political opponents James Comey and Letitia James; both cases were dismissed. Novak's order notes that Currie's ruling remains binding precedent and that Halligan's continued use of the title may constitute professional misconduct and false statements.

Supporting reports

• DOJ Office of Legal Counsel approves military seizure of Maduro without addressing international law compliance — The Trump administration's Office of Legal Counsel (OLC), led by T Elliot Gaiser, issued a 22-page memo approving the use of military force to capture Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro. The memo explicitly declined to determine whether the operation violated the UN Charter or international law, arguing such analysis was "unnecessary" if domestic constitutional authority existed. The memo cited a controversial 1989 precedent (signed by William Barr) asserting presidential power to override international treaties. Maduro was arrested on January 5, 2026, and the memo was released publicly ahead of a Senate vote on a war powers resolution.

Supporting reports

• Trump announced indefinite U.S. control of Venezuela — Following the capture of Maduro, President Trump announced that the United States would "run" Venezuela for an indefinite period. Trump stated on Fox News that the U.S. would be "very strongly involved" with the Venezuelan oil industry going forward. Industry analysts anticipate rapid rerouting of Venezuelan oil exports to the U.S., with refiners benefiting substantially from access to Venezuela's heavy crude reserves—the world's largest proven oil reserves.
• Singer funded think tanks producing advocacy for Venezuelan regime change — Paul Singer donated over $10 million to the Manhattan Institute since 2011 (including $2 million in 2024 and $1.8 million in 2023) and served as chairman of its board from 2008 to 2025. The Institute produced multiple reports and articles calling for Maduro's ouster and defending Trump's aggressive Venezuela policies. Singer is also a major donor to the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, which in November 2025 published a report calling for U.S. military strikes in Venezuela. Singer additionally supported AEI and the Heritage Foundation on Venezuela policy.
• Venezuela raid enriches MAGA billionaire — An investigation by Popular Information revealed that a raid in Venezuela has financially benefited a billionaire with ties to the MAGA movement. The details of the raid and the specific financial gains were not disclosed in the summary, but the implication is that the event has significant political and economic ramifications, particularly concerning the influence of wealthy individuals with political connections. The report suggests a potential conflict of interest or misuse of power that could affect international relations and economic policies.
• Energy Secretary Wright declares indefinite U.S. control of Venezuelan oil sales — Energy Secretary Chris Wright stated that the U.S. will control the sale of Venezuelan oil "indefinitely," signaling a sustained policy of directing Venezuelan crude to American markets. This declaration follows Trump's announcement of the oil transfer and suggests the flow will continue beyond an initial shipment. Prior to the U.S. embargo, Citgo was the largest buyer of Venezuelan oil, positioning it to resume that role under the new arrangement.
• Paul Singer's Amber Energy completes purchase of Citgo at discounted price pending regulatory approval — Paul Singer, through his company Amber Energy, purchased Citgo, the U.S. subsidiary of Venezuela's state-run oil company, for $5.9 billion—a substantial discount from an estimated $13 billion valuation. The sale was forced by creditors after Venezuela defaulted on government-issued bonds. Citgo owns significant Gulf Coast oil refining capacity optimized for Venezuelan heavy crude. The purchase remains subject to U.S. regulatory approval. The discount reflected the refinery's dependence on Venezuelan crude, which was unavailable under the U.S. embargo.
• Energy Secretary announced U.S. will seize Venezuelan oil — Energy Secretary Chris Wright told an audience at a Goldman Sachs energy industry event in Miami, Florida, that the United States will take control of all oil from Venezuela for the foreseeable future. Trump administration officials told lawmakers that they plan to deposit money raised from the seizure of Venezuelan oil into bank accounts outside the U.S. Treasury, described by sources as "off-shore" accounts. Trump had announced the previous day that, as president, he would control the money from the sale of Venezuelan oil.

Supporting reports

• Representatives Khanna and Massie sought to bypass DOJ to release Epstein files — Representatives Ro Khanna and Thomas Massie announced they would bypass the Department of Justice to demand release of all Epstein files by asking the Southern District of New York to appoint a "special master" to ensure document release. The pair is also seeking to hold Attorney General Pam Bondi in contempt of Congress for DOJ's failure to release the files. The DOJ stated it would not finish reviewing remaining files until at least January 20.
• Congress considers inherent contempt proceedings against Attorney General Bondi — Representatives Ro Khanna (D-CA) and Thomas Massie (R-KY), who introduced the Epstein Files Transparency Act, announced they are pursuing inherent contempt charges against Attorney General Pam Bondi for non-compliance with the law. Khanna stated the measure would likely give Bondi a 30-day grace period before daily fines commence. Inherent contempt, a rarely used congressional enforcement mechanism not employed since the 1930s, requires only a House majority vote and does not require Senate approval. The measure aims to compel release of all Epstein-related records.
• House representatives filed motion to compel DOJ to release Epstein files — On January 8, 2026, Representatives Ro Khanna (D-CA) and Thomas Massie (R-KY), the leading sponsors of the Epstein Files Transparency Act, filed a motion with U.S. District Judge Paul Engelmayer asking him to appoint "a Special Master and an Independent Monitor to compel" the DOJ to produce the Epstein files as required by law.
• Representatives asked judge to compel DOJ to release Epstein Files — Representatives Ro Khanna (D-CA) and Thomas Massie (R-KY), the leading sponsors of the Epstein Files Transparency Act, asked U.S. District Judge Paul Engelmayer to appoint a Special Master and an Independent Monitor to compel the DOJ to produce the Epstein files as the law requires. They wrote that "the DOJ cannot be trusted with making mandatory disclosures under the Act" and that they do not believe the DOJ will produce the records required by law.
• Congressmen Khanna and Massie request special master to enforce Epstein Files disclosure — Democratic congressman Ro Khanna and Republican congressman Thomas Massie filed a letter with Manhattan federal court judge Paul Engelmayer requesting appointment of a special master and independent monitor to compel DOJ compliance with the Epstein Files Transparency Act. They alleged DOJ violated the statute by missing the deadline, asserting impermissible privileges, applying excessive redactions, and failing to provide a required report on withheld records and redaction bases.
• House members request special master to compel DOJ release of Epstein files — Representatives Ro Khanna (D-CA) and Thomas Massie (R-KY) filed a letter with US District Judge Paul Engelmayer requesting appointment of a special master to force the Department of Justice to release all files related to Jeffrey Epstein under the Epstein Files Transparency Act. The congressmen alleged the DOJ violated mandatory disclosure obligations by missing a December 19, 2025 deadline and releasing less than 1% of documents while claiming 2 million more remain under review. They also noted the DOJ failed to submit required reports to Congress detailing redactions and withheld records.

Supporting reports

• Trump stated intention to acquire Greenland for U.S. control — President Trump told Michael Scherer of The Atlantic that the U.S. needs to acquire Greenland, stating "we do need Greenland, absolutely. We need it for defense." Greenland is part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and is already integrated into U.S. national defense arrangements.
• Trump stated U.S. needs to acquire Greenland for national security — Trump stated during the press gaggle that the U.S. needs to acquire Greenland, citing national security concerns about Russian and Chinese naval presence. Trump stated "We need Greenland from a national security situation. It's so strategic. Right now, Greenland is covered with Russian and Chinese ships all over the place. We need Greenland from the standpoint of national security. And Denmark is not gonna be able to do it."
• Greenland's prime minister warned Trump's threats against the country must be taken seriously — Greenland's prime minister issued a warning that Trump's threats against the country must be taken seriously and stated that if the United States attacks another NATO country, "everything stops." The statement came in response to Trump's repeated threats and rhetoric regarding Greenland, which is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, a NATO ally.
• White House issued statement on Greenland as national security priority — The White House released a formal statement declaring that acquiring Greenland is a national security priority for the United States and vital to deter adversaries in the Arctic region. The statement indicated the president and his team are discussing "a range of options" to pursue this goal, explicitly noting that utilizing U.S. military force remains available to the commander in chief.
• Marco Rubio privately briefed lawmakers on Greenland acquisition preference — Secretary of State Marco Rubio conducted a private briefing on Capitol Hill on Monday, January 6, 2026, in which he told lawmakers that the Trump administration would prefer to purchase Greenland from Denmark rather than invade it, according to a Wall Street Journal report. The briefing indicated that acquisition of Greenland remains an active policy objective under serious consideration by the administration, with purchase being the stated preference over military seizure.
• Stephen Miller suggests Denmark lacks sovereignty over Greenland — White House Deputy Chief of Staff Stephen Miller, in a CNN interview conducted on January 6, 2026, suggested that Denmark does not have a right to Arctic territory Greenland, which remains part of the Danish kingdom. Miller claimed military intervention would not be necessary because "nobody is going to fight the United States militarily over the future of Greenland." His comments directly contradicted Denmark's and Greenland's assertions of sovereignty and came after his wife, Katie Miller, posted a US flag draped over a Greenland map captioned "SOON."
• Danish Prime Minister warned NATO dissolution if U.S. attacks Greenland — Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen stated that if the United States chooses to attack another NATO country militarily, "everything stops. That is, including NATO and thus the security that has been provided since the end of the Second World War." Her statement was a direct response to Trump's renewed interest in acquiring Greenland.
• European leaders issued joint statement defending Greenland sovereignty — European leaders issued a collective statement reaffirming that Denmark, including Greenland, is part of NATO and that Arctic security must be achieved collectively through NATO and the UN Charter. The statement emphasized that sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the inviolability of borders are universal principles that will be defended, and that Greenland's future is for Denmark and Greenland alone to decide.
• German Bundestag member warned of Trump's imperial territorial expansion — German Bundestag Member Roderich Kiesewetter characterized Trump's interest in Greenland as part of a broader pattern of territorial expansion and imperial sphere-building. He warned that Trump interprets "Make America Great Again" literally—territorially—and cited recent U.S. actions toward Venezuela as evidence. Kiesewetter called for European military independence and geoeconomic strength to defend liberal democracy against great-power imperial competition.
• Stephen Miller stated U.S. military superiority makes Greenland acquisition feasible — White House adviser Stephen Miller told CNN that the U.S. is using its military to secure interests in the hemisphere "unapologetically" as a superpower. When asked whether military action against Greenland could be ruled out, Miller questioned Denmark's territorial claim and stated that "there's no need to even think or talk about this in the context that you're asking of a military operation. Nobody's going to fight the US militarily over the future of Greenland."
• Trump administration briefed Congress on plans to acquire Greenland through purchase or military options — Secretary of State Marco Rubio told lawmakers from armed services and foreign policy committees that Trump plans to buy Greenland rather than invade it, while Trump has asked aides for an updated acquisition plan. The White House issued a statement declaring that acquiring Greenland is a national security priority and that "utilizing the US military is always an option at the commander in chief's disposal." Stephen Miller stated the U.S. should possess Greenland as part of its security apparatus and questioned Denmark's territorial claim.
• White House states military force is "always an option" for acquiring Greenland — White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt issued a statement on Tuesday, January 7, 2026, declaring that the Trump administration is exploring "a range of options" to acquire Greenland and that utilizing US military force remains "always an option at the commander-in-chief's disposal." The statement framed Greenland acquisition as a national security priority. European leaders, including the prime ministers of France, Germany, and Britain, immediately issued a joint statement with Denmark's PM Mette Frederiksen asserting Greenland's sovereignty and warning that a US attack on a NATO ally would constitute the "end" of post-WWII security architecture.
• Trump reiterates desire to acquire Greenland as U.S. territory — Trump announced his intention to acquire Greenland, a resource-rich autonomous territory of Denmark, as U.S. property. In a January 7, 2026 interview with New York Times reporters, Trump stated that "ownership is very important" and that he wants to own Greenland rather than merely cooperate with it as the U.S. has done for decades. He framed the acquisition as psychologically necessary for his success and compared it to a real-estate transaction.
• Trump threatens military action against Greenland and NATO ally Denmark — Trump declared that the U.S. needs Greenland for national defense and threatened military action against the self-governing Danish territory. Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen stated that attacking a NATO ally would end NATO and the security guarantee that has existed since World War II. France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Denmark issued a joint statement supporting Greenland and NATO.
• Congressman Ogles calls U.S. a predator and demands seizure of Greenland — MAGA Congressman Andy Ogles declared the United States a "predator" that must act like a predator and seize Greenland. He spoke of America's supposed dominance in the Western Hemisphere and insisted the nation must assert control over the region.
• Secretary of State threatens military action against Greenland — Secretary of State Marco Rubio stated that the United States "retains the option" of military action against Greenland and said the administration "prefers to buy Greenland" but reserves the right to seize it if Denmark refuses to sell. Trump press secretary Karoline Leavitt declined to rule out military strikes on a NATO ally. The statements followed Trump's public statements about acquiring Greenland.

Supporting reports

• Trump administration conducted military strikes on Venezuela without congressional authorization — President Trump announced on January 3 that U.S. forces had captured Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and stated the administration would run Venezuela and control its oil fields. Secretary of State Marco Rubio appeared on Sunday talk shows to defend the strikes, characterizing them as a law enforcement operation rather than military action. However, reporting indicates at least 80 people were killed in the operation, and Trump explicitly told media the U.S. intends to take control of Venezuela's government and resources.
• Trump administration ordered U.S. Military to abduct Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro without Congressional authorization — On January 3, 2026, President Trump ordered the U.S. Military to conduct a raid that resulted in the abduction of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro from Venezuelan territory without seeking Congressional authorization. Trump initially claimed the action was based on Maduro's alleged membership in a drug cartel called "Cartel de los Soles," but later admitted no such cartel exists. Trump subsequently announced that Venezuela would transfer 50 million barrels of oil to the United States, suggesting resource seizure as a motivation. The raid violated established international norms governing state sovereignty and the treatment of foreign heads of state.
• Trump administration conducts military raid capturing Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro — Top Trump officials including Secretary of State Marco Rubio, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, CIA Director John Ratcliffe, and Joint Chiefs Chair Gen Dan Caine briefed all 100 US senators on Operation Absolute Resolve, a special forces raid that captured Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and his wife from Caracas on January 3 and transported them to a New York jail. Rubio outlined a three-phase plan involving stabilization, oil market access for US companies, and extracting 30–50 million barrels of Venezuelan oil at market rates. Republicans defended the operation as law enforcement against an indicted drug trafficker; Democrats condemned it as an illegal act of war undertaken without congressional consultation, with Senator Chris Murphy stating the administration plans to "steal Venezuelan oil at gunpoint."
• Military captured Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro and his wife — On January 3, 2026, the military captured Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores. Trump had previously suggested he was determined to end what he called "narco-terrorist" activity in Venezuela. Upon Maduro's capture, Trump made clear his intent to control Venezuela's oil resources.
• Trump administration launched military strike on Venezuela and captured President Nicolás Maduro — In the early hours of Saturday, January 3, 2026, the Trump administration ordered the military to conduct a strike against Venezuela, seize President Nicolás Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores, and fly them to New York City to face federal charges announced by the Southern District of New York. The operation, called "Operation Absolute Resolve," was conducted without consulting Congress and in apparent violation of international law. At least 40 civilians and military personnel were killed in the strike, which hit a three-story apartment building.
• Trump ordered military invasion of Venezuela to capture President Maduro and seize oil assets — Trump ordered a military invasion of Venezuela using special forces to capture President Nicolás Maduro, who is under criminal indictment in the U.S. Trump explicitly stated the primary objective was to seize control of Venezuela's government and oil assets. Trump announced the U.S. would directly run Venezuela's government and oil infrastructure, with American oil companies investing billions in exchange for reimbursement from extracted oil revenues. Trump stated U.S. military personnel would remain on the ground and threatened Venezuelan Vice President Delcy Rodríguez with severe consequences if she did not comply with U.S. directives.
• Trump authorized strikes in Venezuela and abduction of Maduro — In the middle of the night on January 3, Trump authorized a series of strikes in Venezuela, as well as the abduction of President Nicolás Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores, by the US military. The illegal strikes took place without congressional authority. Maduro and Flores were transported to New York, where they face drug and weapons charges. Venezuela's Vice President Delcy Rodriguez was subsequently sworn in as interim president following Maduro's kidnapping.
• United States military operation in Venezuela captured Nicolás Maduro and his wife — The U.S. carried out a large-scale military operation in and around Caracas, Venezuela, and seized Nicolás Maduro and his wife. They were transported to the United States to face charges related to narco-terrorism and drug trafficking allegations. The President publicly celebrated the operation and spoke in terms suggesting temporary U.S. control of Venezuela. Multiple governments have condemned the action as a violation of international law, and the U.N. Security Council is scheduled to meet Monday to address the matter.
• Trump administration conducted airstrikes in Venezuela and captured Maduro — On January 3, 2026, the Trump administration conducted nighttime airstrikes in Venezuela and removed President Nicolás Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores, transporting them to New York to face federal narcoterrorism and drug-trafficking charges. This action followed months of strikes against small boats in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific that Trump claimed, without evidence, were operated by narcoterrorists from Venezuela, and seizures of vessels allegedly carrying sanctioned Venezuelan oil.
• Trump administration conducts lethal military strikes against Venezuelan targets without congressional authorization — Since September 2025, the Trump administration has conducted approximately 35 lethal strikes against alleged drug-trafficking boats off Venezuela's coast, resulting in at least 115 deaths. Additionally, a massive military deployment off Venezuela's shores, including the largest U.S. aircraft carrier, was carried out without seeking congressional authorization. These actions were justified through executive orders declaring Venezuelan leaders "narco-terrorists" and invoking post-2001 war-on-terror legal frameworks.
• Trump administration detains Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro without prior congressional notification — The Trump administration conducted a military operation to detain Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and his wife, Cilia, without alerting Congress in advance. Senior congressional leaders, including the "gang of eight," were informed only after the operation had begun. The administration justified the withholding of information by citing security concerns and the need for operational secrecy. The action bypassed the 1973 War Powers Resolution, which requires presidential notification to Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops into hostilities.
• US special forces capture Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro in military raid ordered by Trump — US special forces conducted a pre-dawn military operation in Caracas on Saturday, capturing Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores. The raid resulted in at least 40 deaths, including civilians and Venezuelan and Cuban security personnel. Maduro was transported to Manhattan and arraigned in federal court on Monday on drug trafficking and narco-terrorism charges. He pleaded not guilty. The operation sparked international condemnation at an emergency UN Security Council meeting, with multiple countries calling it a "crime of aggression" and a breach of international law.
• Trump orders military raid capturing Venezuelan President Maduro — President Trump ordered a Saturday morning military raid in which U.S. forces captured Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro. Maduro was transported to New York to face criminal charges. Trump subsequently announced the U.S. would "run" Venezuela indefinitely. Legal experts stated the action violated U.S. and international law. The raid occurred without prior congressional authorization or public debate.
• US military forces capture and extract Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro from Venezuela; Maduro arraigned in New York federal court on drug trafficking and weapons charges — US military forces conducted an operation that resulted in the forcible removal and capture of Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro from Venezuela. Maduro was transported to New York and arraigned in federal court on charges related to international drug trafficking and weapons trafficking. The operation involved a US military attack on Venezuelan territory. Maduro pleaded not guilty to the charges. The arraignment drew dozens of protesters outside the federal courthouse in lower Manhattan, divided between those celebrating Maduro's detention and those opposing US intervention in Venezuela.
• Barry Pollack retained as counsel for Nicolás Maduro in US federal court — Nicolás Maduro, the captured Venezuelan president, appeared in federal court in New York on Monday and pleaded not guilty to charges of drug-terrorism conspiracy, cocaine-importation conspiracy, and possession of machine guns and destructive devices. He was represented by Barry Pollack, a prominent US trial lawyer previously known for securing Julian Assange's release from UK prison in 2024. Pollack questioned the legality of Maduro's abduction by US forces in a raid on Caracas and argued Maduro is entitled to immunity as a sovereign head of state.
• Maduro arraigned in Manhattan federal court on drug and narco-terrorism charges — Nicolás Maduro appeared before federal judge Alvin Hellerstein in Manhattan on Monday for arraignment on four federal criminal counts including narco-terrorism conspiracy, cocaine importation conspiracy, and possession of machine guns and destructive devices. Each charge carries a maximum sentence of life in prison. Maduro, who was first indicted in 2020, pleaded not guilty and claimed he remained the legitimate president of Venezuela and was being held as a prisoner of war. His wife Cilia Flores also pleaded not guilty to related charges.
• Nicolás Maduro arraigned in Manhattan federal court on narco-terrorism charges following US military capture in Caracas — Nicolás Maduro, Venezuelan president, was captured in Caracas on January 3 and arraigned in Manhattan federal court on January 6 on narco-terrorism charges brought by the Trump Justice Department. Maduro entered a not guilty plea while making defiant statements about his legitimacy and characterizing his capture as a kidnapping. His wife, Cilia Flores, also appeared and pleaded not guilty. Judge Alvin Hellerstein scheduled a case conference for March 17. Neither defendant requested bail at this stage but reserved the right to do so later.
• Nicolás Maduro pleads not guilty in US court after capture — Nicolás Maduro, the deposed president of Venezuela, pleaded not guilty to charges of drugs, weapons, and "narco-terrorism" in a US federal court in Manhattan. His capture was part of a US special forces operation ordered by Donald Trump, which has been condemned by several countries as a "crime of aggression." The operation has raised concerns about breaches of international law and has led to an emergency UN Security Council meeting. Maduro's arraignment follows his indictment in 2020 for drug trafficking-related charges.
• US military operation captures Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela — US special forces captured Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro in a pre-dawn raid in Caracas, ordered by Donald Trump. The operation resulted in at least 40 deaths, including civilians and security personnel. The US justified the intervention as necessary to combat drug trafficking, but it has been widely condemned as a breach of international law. The UN Security Council held an emergency meeting to address the situation, with several countries condemning the US action as a "crime of aggression."
• Trump administration launches military operation to abduct Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro — The U.S. military, under President Trump's direction, conducted a night-time operation that forcibly abducted Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and his wife, resulting in dozens of deaths. Trump subsequently backed Maduro's former vice-president, Delcy Rodríguez, to lead the country. The operation, termed "Operation Absolute Resolve," represents a significant military intervention in Latin America and a departure from Trump's stated 2024 campaign pledge to avoid foreign wars and "put America first."
• Trump announces U.S. control over Venezuelan oil — President Trump declared that the interim authorities in Venezuela would turn over between 30 and 50 million barrels of oil to the United States, stating that the proceeds would be controlled by him to benefit both Venezuela and the U.S. This announcement indicates a shift towards direct U.S. control over Venezuelan resources.
• Trump threatens Greenland with military action — President Trump stated that the U.S. needs Greenland for national defense, implying potential military action against the self-governing territory, which is part of Denmark. This statement contradicts established NATO agreements and raises concerns about U.S. military intentions.

Supporting reports

• Trump administration lacked detailed post-invasion governance plan for Venezuela — According to reporting by the Wall Street Journal on January 3, 2026, the Trump administration was "racing to assemble an interim governing structure for Venezuela" but had no detailed plan in place before deposing Maduro. Trump told reporters that officials were "designating various people" to "run" Venezuela without specifying who they were. U.S. officials questioned why there was no detailed plan before the operation, and experts noted that Venezuela is twice the size of California with 28 million people, millions of whom support Maduro, an intact government, and an army of over 100,000 soldiers.
• Trump announced U.S. intent to control Venezuela's oil industry and govern the country — During a press conference on January 3, 2026, Trump announced that the U.S. will "run the country until such time as we can do a safe, proper, and judicious transition" and stated that large U.S. oil companies will "go in, spend billions of dollars, fix the badly broken infrastructure, the oil infrastructure, and start making money for the country." Trump claimed Venezuela had "stolen" American oil and property worth "billions and billions of dollars" through nationalization, and introduced the "Donroe Document" as a replacement for the Monroe Doctrine, asserting American dominance in the Western Hemisphere.
• Trump administration pursues oil-focused Venezuela policy, sidelining democratic opposition — Trump held a press conference in which he repeatedly stated his administration's primary interest in Venezuela is securing access to the country's oil reserves. The administration reportedly favors working with Delcy Rodríguez, Nicolás Maduro's vice president, over supporting María Corina Machado, the leading democratic opposition figure. Trump dismissed Machado as lacking public support despite her central role in backing Edmundo González in the July 2024 election, which international observers believe González won decisively. Secretary of State Marco Rubio defended the policy on television and did not deny that Cuba might be targeted next.
• Trump stated primary objective in Venezuela is oil access, not democracy — Trump explicitly stated that the focus of U.S. operations in Venezuela is securing oil access rather than supporting democracy or freeing political prisoners. When asked about demanding Venezuelan VP Delcy Rodriguez allow opposition figures to return or free political prisoners, Trump responded "We haven't gotten to that. Right now, we want to do is fix up the oil." He later stated the goal is "Total access. We need access to the oil and other things."
• Trump announced indefinite U.S. control of Venezuela — Following the capture of Maduro, President Trump announced that the United States would "run" Venezuela for an indefinite period. Trump stated on Fox News that the U.S. would be "very strongly involved" with the Venezuelan oil industry going forward. Industry analysts anticipate rapid rerouting of Venezuelan oil exports to the U.S., with refiners benefiting substantially from access to Venezuela's heavy crude reserves—the world's largest proven oil reserves.
• Trump administration recognized Delcy Rodríguez as Venezuela's head of state — On January 5, 2026, the Trump administration formally recognized Delcy Rodríguez, Maduro's vice president, as Venezuela's head of state, despite Venezuela's high court ruling that Rodríguez could only serve as acting president for 90 days (extendable to 180 days), after which elections would be constitutionally required. The administration's recognition of Rodríguez as head of state rather than acting president signaled Trump's intention for her to remain in power beyond the constitutional limits.
• Trump administration ordered military operation to seize Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and his wife — The Trump administration conducted a large-scale military operation that forcibly seized Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and his wife, removing them from the country. Trump's UN Ambassador Mike Waltz characterized the operation as a "law enforcement" action targeting "indicted fugitives," but justified it by stating the United States views the Western Hemisphere as its domain and cannot allow Venezuela's energy reserves to remain outside U.S. control. The operation prompted an emergency UN Security Council meeting where multiple nations condemned the action as a violation of international law and Venezuelan sovereignty.

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• Trump issued threats against Colombia, Cuba, and Mexico regarding Western Hemisphere dominance — During his January 3 press conference, Trump warned Colombia's President Gustavo Petro to "watch his ass," stated "Cuba is going to be something we'll end up talking about," and warned that "something will have to be done about Mexico." He declared that "American dominance in the Western Hemisphere will never be questioned again."
• Venezuelan Vice President Rodríguez rejected U.S. occupation and reaffirmed Maduro as rightful president — Venezuelan Vice President Delcy Rodríguez, whom Trump claimed had been sworn into the presidency, delivered a televised address on January 3, 2026 insisting that Maduro is the rightful president of Venezuela and must be released. She characterized the U.S. action as "an unprecedented military aggression" and declared that "the Venezuelan people and this country are clear about" their refusal to "be slaves" or "a colony of any empire."
• Trump threatened Venezuelan President Rodríguez with consequences for non-compliance — In a phone call with Michael Scherer of The Atlantic, President Trump threatened Venezuela's new president Delcy Rodríguez, stating that "if she doesn't do what's right, she is going to pay a very big price, probably bigger than Maduro." Trump later told reporters on Air Force One that the U.S., not Rodríguez, is in charge of Venezuela.
• Rubio indicated Cuba is a potential military target — Secretary of State Rubio stated on NBC that the Cuban government is "a huge problem" and when asked directly if Cuba is the next target, responded affirmatively that "they are in a lot of trouble. Yes," signaling potential military action against Cuba following the Venezuela operation.
• Secretary of State Rubio declines to rule out military action against Cuba — Secretary of State Marco Rubio appeared on television to defend the administration's Venezuela policy. When asked whether Cuba might be the target of similar operations, Rubio did not deny the possibility and characterized the Cuban government as a "huge problem," suggesting additional action could follow. Rubio also stated that no congressional authorization was required for Venezuela operations because they constituted a "precise operation" rather than a war.
• Sen. Lindsey Graham expressed support for military action against Iran and Cuba — Sen. Lindsey Graham, appearing with Trump on Air Force One, stated "You just wait for Cuba. Their days are numbered!" and later appeared on Fox News wearing a "Make Iran Great Again" hat, saying "I pray and hope that 2026 will be the year we make Iran great again" and adding Cuba to his target list: "To our Cuban friends in FL, the liberation of your homeland is close."
• Trump indicated U.S. military operations planned for Colombia — During the press gaggle, Trump responded affirmatively when asked if there would be a U.S. operation in Colombia, stating "Sounds good to me" in response to a reporter's question about whether operations would extend to Colombia. This followed Trump's characterization of Colombia as "very sick."
• Trump threatened military action against Mexico — Trump stated that cartels are running Mexico and that President Claudia Sheinbaum is not in control. Trump said he has repeatedly asked Sheinbaum whether the U.S. should "take out the cartels" and indicated that "something is gonna have to be done with Mexico," implying potential military intervention similar to the Venezuela operation.
• US Invasion of Venezuela — The United States has initiated a military invasion of Venezuela, an action that has been described as a significant breach of international law. This move has been characterized as an authoritarian act by the U.S. government, bypassing traditional diplomatic and coalition-building processes. The invasion has sparked widespread criticism and is expected to lead to increased global instability. The U.S. House of Representatives has been urged to respond with impeachment proceedings, although no immediate action has been taken.
• Colombian President Gustavo Petro rejected Trump's threats — Colombian President Gustavo Petro responded to Trump's threats by challenging him to come to Colombia in person, stating "Come get me! I'm waiting for you here." Petro rejected invasions, missiles, and assassinations, and called for dialogue based on facts rather than lies spread by "Colombian political mafias."
• Trump threatens Mexico and Cuba — Trump threatened Colombian President Gustavo Petro, declared that "Cuba is ready to fall," and warned Mexico to "get their act together," signaling potential military or coercive action against multiple Western Hemisphere nations without diplomatic process.
• Trump threatens military action against Iran — Trump warned that if Iran continues "killing people like they have in the past," Iran "is going to get hit very hard by the United States," signaling potential military escalation without congressional authorization or diplomatic process.
• Rick Scott advocates regime change in Western Hemisphere — Senator Rick Scott openly fantasized about regime-changing every country in the Western Hemisphere, expressing support for U.S. intervention to alter governments in the region.
• Trump attacks NATO alliance and questions member loyalty — Trump issued an all-caps statement claiming he "single handedly ended eight wars," complained that Norway "foolishly" did not award him the Nobel Peace Prize, and warned that NATO might not support the United States because he doubts member nations' loyalty. He attacked the alliance as a stabilizing institution.

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• Coalition sues State Department and Marco Rubio over visa suspension to 75 countries — A coalition of immigration groups, lawyers, and US citizens filed suit in US District Court (New York) challenging a State Department order suspending immigrant visa approvals to nationals of 75 countries, including Somalia, Haiti, Iran, Eritrea, and Cuba. The department justified the suspension on claims that migrants from these countries seek welfare at "unacceptable rates." The lawsuit alleges the ban violates the Immigration and Nationality Act, the Constitution, and decades of settled policy by denying visas based solely on nationality without individualized assessment, and characterizes the justification as "demonstrably false" and discriminatory.

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• Federal immigration agents fatally shoot US citizens in Minneapolis — Federal immigration agents fatally shot two US citizens, Renee Good and Alex Pretti (both 37), in separate incidents on the streets of Minneapolis in January. These shootings prompted Senate Democrats to refuse DHS funding without immigration enforcement reforms, triggering the current budget standoff and shutdown.
• ICE agents kill Alex Pretti and Renee Nicole Good during enforcement operations in Minneapolis — Federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents killed two people—Alex Pretti, 37, and Renee Nicole Good—while conducting deportation operations in Minneapolis in January 2026. Pretti was fatally shot while filming ICE agents. The killings sparked widespread outrage, prompted the removal of border patrol agent Gregory Bovino from his post, and triggered a Department of Justice civil rights investigation into Pretti's death. Despite these developments, deportations and detentions have continued in suburbs and rural areas.
• Immigration officers kill two U.S. citizens in Minneapolis ICE raids — In January 2026, during intensified immigration enforcement operations in Minneapolis, federal immigration officers shot and killed two U.S. citizens: 37-year-old Alex Pretti and Renee Nicole Good. Both victims had been protesting ICE raids. DHS Secretary Noem defended the officers and accused the two killed Americans of "domestic terrorism," remarks that drew immediate bipartisan backlash. Independent analyses and state officials stated the footage did not support Noem's characterization.

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• Oral arguments scheduled in Trump v Cook on presidential removal of Federal Reserve board member — The US Supreme Court scheduled oral arguments for January 2026 in Trump v Cook, examining whether the president can legally remove Lisa Cook, a member of the Federal Reserve Board, whom Trump has attempted to remove amid unproven allegations of mortgage fraud. The case will determine the scope of presidential removal power over independent agency officials and the constitutional protections for the Federal Reserve's independence in monetary policy decisions.

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• Trump regrets not seizing voting machines after 2020 election — In a January 2026 interview with the New York Times, President Trump stated that he "should have" directed the National Guard to take control of voting machines after the 2020 election, expressing regret over not implementing a plan prepared by conspiracy theorists that would have involved ordering federal agents or troops to confiscate voting machines from swing states to search for evidence of fraud.

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• ICE launches $100 million "wartime recruitment" targeting specific demographics — ICE announced a $100 million "wartime recruitment" strategy to hire thousands of new officers, targeting gun rights supporters, military enthusiasts, and listeners of right-wing radio shows. The agency directed ads to people near military bases, NASCAR races, gun shows, trade shows, and college campuses, and to those who have attended UFC fights or shopped for guns and tactical gear.
• ICE launches $100 million "wartime recruitment" media campaign targeting ideological applicants for deportation enforcement — Immigration and Customs Enforcement announced a $100 million, one-year media blitz to recruit new agents for mass deportation operations. The campaign uses geofencing to target conservative radio listeners, gun enthusiasts, military followers, and men's interest audiences near military bases, NASCAR races, and gun shows. ICE offers up to $50,000 signing bonuses and $60,000 in student loan forgiveness. The agency has already received over 220,000 applications and made 18,000 tentative offers. Officials plan to spend $8 million on influencer partnerships to promote the immigration agenda to younger audiences.
• ICE recruitment campaign with $50,000 signing bonuses — In July 2025, ICE expanded its workforce by offering new recruits $50,000 signing bonuses and pledges of patriotism. The recruitment drive reflected the Trump administration's commitment to expanding immigration enforcement capacity and making ICE a central component of its policing strategy.
• US House Representative Jamie Raskin expresses concern about ICE recruitment targeting extremist groups — In early 2026, US House Representative Jamie Raskin publicly expressed concern that ICE was using "white nationalist 'dog whistles'" in its recruitment campaign, seemingly targeting members of extremist militias including the Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, Three Percenters, and other far-right groups involved in the January 6, 2021 Capitol insurrection. Raskin noted that many of these individuals had subsequently received blanket clemency from Donald Trump, raising concerns about the ideological composition and extremist infiltration of ICE.

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• Department of Government Efficiency cuts nearly 10% of federal employees — The Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, concluded that while the Department of Government Efficiency did not actually reduce overall federal spending, it did cut approximately 10% of federal employees. This reduction aligned with a key goal of Office of Management and Budget director Russell Vought, a principal author of Project 2025. The cuts were achieved through unilateral executive action rather than congressional appropriations processes.

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• Elon Musk posts "Novus Ordo Seclorum" on social media following Trump's 2024 election victory — Following the 2024 election results, billionaire Elon Musk, who had supported Trump's campaign through his purchase of Twitter (now X) and $290 million in cash donations, posted "Novus Ordo Seclorum" (Latin for "New World Order") on social media. The post signaled the beginning of a transformative agenda. Trump subsequently announced he had an "unprecedented and powerful mandate" despite winning with less than 50% of the vote, and Musk was tasked to head a new "Department of Government Efficiency" with a stated goal of cutting at least $2 trillion from the federal budget.
• Musk and DOGE operatives gain access to government computer systems and eliminate federal jobs and programs — Elon Musk and his operatives gained access to computer systems across federal government offices and, using keyboard commands, eliminated jobs and programs. Musk specifically described feeding "into the wood chipper" most of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the government agency responsible for combating disease and malnutrition globally. The dismantling of USAID has resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people according to public health assessments.

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• Trump administration posts Christian nationalist messaging across federal agencies on Christmas — On December 24–25, 2025, multiple federal agencies—including the State Department, Labor Department, Department of Homeland Security, and Department of Defense—posted social media messages explicitly promoting Christian religious doctrine and framing the United States as a Christian nation. Secretary of State Marco Rubio posted about "Eternal Life through Christ"; DHS posted "Christ is Born!" and "We are blessed to share a nation and a Savior"; Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth posted about "the birth of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ." These posts violated the Establishment Clause principle that government shall not promote or establish religion.

Supporting reports

• Trump administration posts Christian nationalist messaging across federal agencies on Christmas — On December 24–25, 2025, multiple federal agencies—including the State Department, Labor Department, Department of Homeland Security, and Department of Defense—posted social media messages explicitly promoting Christian religious doctrine and framing the United States as a Christian nation. Secretary of State Marco Rubio posted about "Eternal Life through Christ"; DHS posted "Christ is Born!" and "We are blessed to share a nation and a Savior"; Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth posted about "the birth of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ." These posts violated the Establishment Clause principle that government shall not promote or establish religion.

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• Supreme Court rejected Trump administration's argument to deploy federalized National Guard in Chicago — On December 23, 2025, the Supreme Court rejected the Trump administration's legal argument that it possessed the power to deploy federalized National Guard troops in and around Chicago. The decision limited Trump's authority to use military forces within the United States without explicit congressional authorization or state consent.
• Supreme Court rejected Trump administration's National Guard deployment authority in Chicago — On December 23, 2025, the Supreme Court rejected the Trump administration's argument that it possessed the power to deploy federalized National Guard troops in and around Chicago. The 6-3 decision blocked the administration's attempt to militarize American cities without state consent.
• Supreme Court rejects Trump's National Guard deployment in Illinois as unlawful — The U.S. Supreme Court issued a 6-3 preliminary ruling that President Trump's deployment of federalized National Guard troops in the Chicago area beginning in October violated the Posse Comitatus Act. The majority held that a president must first attempt to execute laws using regular U.S. military forces and may deploy the National Guard only if unable to do so with regular forces. The Court found the Government failed to identify statutory or constitutional authority permitting military enforcement of laws in Illinois.
• Supreme Court rejected Trump's National Guard deployment for immigration enforcement in Illinois — The Supreme Court rejected Trump's deployment of the National Guard to aid immigration enforcement in Illinois, ruling that federal law limits use of the National Guard to situations where regular military forces are insufficient. The majority found that the President does not have inherent authority to deploy the military to protect ICE property. Three justices (Alito, Thomas, Gorsuch) dissented.
• Supreme Court blocks Trump administration from deploying National Guard in Illinois — The Supreme Court blocked the Trump administration from deploying National Guard troops in Illinois as part of his mass immigration crackdown, ruling that the government "failed to identify a source of authority that would allow the military to execute the laws in Illinois." The decision represents a rare judicial check on executive power in the Trump administration.
• Supreme Court Denies Stay in Trump v. Illinois — On December 23, 2025, the U.S. Supreme Court denied the federal government's request for a stay in the case of Trump v. Illinois. This decision upheld a lower court's order that barred the Trump administration from deploying the federalized National Guard in Illinois for immigration enforcement actions. The case arose after the Trump administration federalized the Texas and Illinois National Guard to assist with immigration enforcement in Chicago, which was challenged by the state of Illinois. The Supreme Court's denial means the federal government cannot deploy the National Guard in Illinois pending further legal proceedings. Justices Alito, Thomas, and Gorsuch dissented from the decision.
• US Supreme Court blocks Trump national guard deployment to Chicago — The US Supreme Court denied the Trump administration's emergency request to lift a lower court order blocking the deployment of national guard troops to the Chicago area. In a 6-3 decision, the majority ruled that the government failed to meet the legal burden required to show it could not enforce immigration laws without federal military intervention. The decision upholds a ruling by US District Judge April Perry from October and signals potential impact on similar deployments in other Democratic-led cities.

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• Trump discussed with Alan Dershowitz ways to constitutionally serve a third term — According to reporting by Brian Schwartz of the Wall Street Journal, Trump has been talking with lawyer Alan Dershowitz about ways in which he could constitutionally serve a third term. The article notes that Trump cannot constitutionally serve a third term under the Twenty-Second Amendment.

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• Vice President J.D. Vance declares United States a Christian nation at AmericaFest conference — Vice President J.D. Vance stated at Turning Point USA's AmericaFest conference that "The only thing that has truly served as an anchor of the United States of America is that we have been, and by the grace of God we always will be, a Christian nation." The statement contradicts the First Amendment's Establishment Clause and the historical record of church-state separation established by the Founders, including James Madison's Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) and Thomas Jefferson's "wall of separation between Church & State" (1802).